C标准库之errno
<errno.h>定义了整数变量extern int errno。errno是一个由POSIX和ISO C标准定义的符号，由系统调用和某些库函数根据事件来设置它，用以表明哪里有问题。这个值只有当调用的返回表明错误的时候有用（比如，对于大多数的系统调用是-1，对于大多数的库函数来说是-1或NULL），正确的函数也可以修改errno。
Linux中系统调用的错误都存储于 errno 中，errno 由操作系统维护，存储就近发生的错误，即下一次的错误码会覆盖掉上一次的错误。
在程序启动时，
errno设置为零，系统调用或 C 标准库中的特定函数修改它的值为一些非零值以表示某些类型的错误。有效的错误number都是非零的，系统调用和库函数不会把errno设为0。 对于某些系统调用和库函数（比如，getpriority(2)），没有错误的时候也会返回-1。在这种情况下，可以在调用之前先将errno设为0，当不确定有没有错误的时候，可以通过查看errno是不是一个非零值来确定是否发生错误。errno的值不会被任何程序清除，因此在使用errno的值之前，先要通过函数（系统调用/库函数）的返回值来确定有错误发生。ISO C标准将
errno定义为一个可以修改的int型左值，并且不允许准确声明，errno可能是一个宏，也可能被定义成一个变量，这个具体要看编译器自己的实现。系统调用或库函数正确执行，并不保证
errno的值不会被改变。
✏️ 1、线程安全性
早些时候，POSIX.1曾把errno定义成extern int errno这种形式，但这种形式实现的errno在多线程环境下是不安全的，errno变量是被多个线程共享的，这样可能线程A发生某些错误改变了errno的值，线程B虽然没有发生任何错误，但是当它检测errno的值的时候，线程B会以为自己发生了错误。
在GCC中，errno是thread-local，在一个线程中设置它的值不会影响它在另一个thread中的值。
其定义在bits/errno.h中：
# ifndef __ASSEMBLER__
/* Function to get address of global `errno' variable. */
extern int *__errno_location (void) __THROW __attribute__ ((__const__));
# if !defined _LIBC || defined _LIBC_REENTRANT
/* When using threads, errno is a per-thread value. */
# define errno (*__errno_location ())
# endif
# endif /* !__ASSEMBLER__ */
#endif /* _ERRNO_H */在error.h中：
/* Declare the `errno' variable, unless it's defined as a macro by
bits/errno.h. This is the case in GNU, where it is a per-thread
variable. This redeclaration using the macro still works, but it
will be a function declaration without a prototype and may trigger
a -Wstrict-prototypes warning. */
#ifndef errno
extern int errno;
#endif可以清晰的看到，bits/errno.h对errno进行了重定义。从 __attribute__ ((__const__))推测出__errno_location ()会返回与参数无关的与线程绑定的一个特定地址，应用层直接从该地址取出errno的。(关于__attribute__用法可以参考Using GNU C attribute)。但是上面使用了条件编译，也就是有两种方法可以使得gcc重定义errno：
不定义宏
_LIBC定义宏
_LIBC_REENTRANT
有意思的是，我们在编译时，压根不能设置_LIBC， 在gnu/stubs-64.h中会检测，如果有_LIBC宏定义，直接报错终止预编译：
#ifdef _LIBC
#error Applications may not define the macro _LIBC
#endif因此在正常情况下，我们使用gcc编译的程序，全局变量errno一定是线程安全的。
有一个问题，__errno_location是怎么实现的？ 在Linux 源代码中查找 __errno_location() 函数，在 errno-loc.c 中有解释：
#include <errno.h>
#include <hurd/threadvar.h>
int * __errno_location (void)
{
return (int *) __hurd_threadvar_location (_HURD_THREADVAR_ERRNO);
}
strong_alias (__errno_location, __hurd_errno_location)
libc_hidden_def (__errno_location)显然，__errno_location() 函数的返回值就是 __hurd_threadvar_location(_HURD_THREADVAR_ERRNO) 函数的返回值被强转成 int * 了，那 __hurd_threadvar_location(_HURD_THREADVAR_ERRNO) 又是什么函数呢？
在头文件 <hurd/threadvar.h>中有：
#include <machine-sp.h> /* Define __thread_stack_pointer. */
/* Return the location of the current thread's value for the
per-thread variable with index INDEX. */
extern unsigned long int *
__hurd_threadvar_location (enum __hurd_threadvar_index __index) __THROW
/* This declaration tells the compiler that the value is constant
given the same argument. We assume this won't be called twice from
the same stack frame by different threads. */
__attribute__ ((__const__));
_HURD_THREADVAR_H_EXTERN_INLINE unsigned long int *
__hurd_threadvar_location (enum __hurd_threadvar_index __index)
{
return __hurd_threadvar_location_from_sp (__index,
__thread_stack_pointer ());
}注：在前面有定义#define _HURD_THREADVAR_H_EXTERN_INLINE extern __inline了解到其实就是 extern __inline ，其中 __inline 表示函数是内联函数。
这是先定义了函数同时在下面直接就给出了函数代码，这个函数的又是调用了__hurd_threadvar_location_from_sp(__index, __thread_stack_pointer ()) 这个函数， 同样在<hurd/threadvar.h> 中往前看，有这样的代码：
extern unsigned long int *__hurd_threadvar_location_from_sp
(enum __hurd_threadvar_index __index, void *__sp);
_HURD_THREADVAR_H_EXTERN_INLINE unsigned long int *
__hurd_threadvar_location_from_sp (enum __hurd_threadvar_index __index,
void *__sp)
{
unsigned long int __stack = (unsigned long int) __sp;
return &((__stack >= __hurd_sigthread_stack_base &&
__stack < __hurd_sigthread_stack_end)
? __hurd_sigthread_variables
: (unsigned long int *) ((__stack & __hurd_threadvar_stack_mask) +
__hurd_threadvar_stack_offset))[__index];
}往前有这些变量的定义：
enum __hurd_threadvar_index
{
_HURD_THREADVAR_MIG_REPLY, /* Reply port for MiG user stub functions. */
_HURD_THREADVAR_ERRNO, /* `errno' value for this thread. */
_HURD_THREADVAR_SIGSTATE, /* This thread's `struct hurd_sigstate'. */
_HURD_THREADVAR_DYNAMIC_USER, /* Dynamically-assigned user variables. */
_HURD_THREADVAR_MALLOC, /* For use of malloc. */
_HURD_THREADVAR_DL_ERROR, /* For use of -ldl and dynamic linker. */
_HURD_THREADVAR_RPC_VARS, /* For state of RPC functions. */
_HURD_THREADVAR_LOCALE, /* For thread-local locale setting. */
_HURD_THREADVAR_CTYPE_B, /* Cache of thread-local locale data. */
_HURD_THREADVAR_CTYPE_TOLOWER, /* Cache of thread-local locale data. */
_HURD_THREADVAR_CTYPE_TOUPPER, /* Cache of thread-local locale data. */
_HURD_THREADVAR_MAX /* Default value for __hurd_threadvar_max. */
};
extern unsigned long int __hurd_threadvar_stack_mask;
extern unsigned long int __hurd_threadvar_stack_offset;
extern unsigned long int __hurd_threadvar_stack_mask;
extern unsigned long int __hurd_threadvar_stack_offset;
extern unsigned long int __hurd_sigthread_stack_base;
extern unsigned long int __hurd_sigthread_stack_end;
extern unsigned long int *__hurd_sigthread_variables;注释如下：
/* The per-thread variables are found by ANDing this mask
with the value of the stack pointer and then adding this offset.
In the multi-threaded case, cthreads initialization sets
__hurd_threadvar_stack_mask to ~(cthread_stack_size - 1), a mask which
finds the base of the fixed-size cthreads stack; and
__hurd_threadvar_stack_offset to a small offset that skips the data
cthreads itself maintains at the base of each thread's stack.
In the single-threaded case, __hurd_threadvar_stack_mask is zero, so the
stack pointer is ignored; and __hurd_threadvar_stack_offset gives the
address of a small allocated region which contains the variables for the
single thread. */
/* A special case must always be made for the signal thread. Even when there
is only one user thread and an allocated region can be used for the user
thread's variables, the signal thread needs to have its own location for
per-thread variables. The variables __hurd_sigthread_stack_base and
__hurd_sigthread_stack_end define the bounds of the stack used by the
signal thread, so that thread can always be specifically identified. */
/* At the location described by the two variables above,
there are __hurd_threadvar_max `unsigned long int's of per-thread data. */再从前面 __hurd_threadvar_location(_HURD_THREADVAR_ERRNO) 传过来的参数，知道 __hurd_threadvar_location_from_sp(enum hurd_threadvar_index index, void *sp) 函数第一个参数是 _HURD_THREADVAR_ERRNO ，第二个参数在 __sp 指向 __thread_stack_pointer() 函数的返回值，查询 <machine-sp.h> 有如下：
_EXTERN_INLINE void *
__thread_stack_pointer (void)
{
register void *__sp__;
__asm__ ("mr %0, 1" : "=r" (__sp__));
return __sp__;
} ✏️ 2、宏定义
Linux中，在头文件 /usr/include/asm-generic/errno-base.h 对基础常用errno进行了宏定义：
#ifndef _ASM_GENERIC_ERRNO_BASE_H
#define _ASM_GENERIC_ERRNO_BASE_H
#define EPERM 1 /* Operation not permitted */
#define ENOENT 2 /* No such file or directory */
#define ESRCH 3 /* No such process */
#define EINTR 4 /* Interrupted system call */
#define EIO 5 /* I/O error */
#define ENXIO 6 /* No such device or address */
#define E2BIG 7 /* Argument list too long */
#define ENOEXEC 8 /* Exec format error */
#define EBADF 9 /* Bad file number */
#define ECHILD 10 /* No child processes */
#define EAGAIN 11 /* Try again */
#define ENOMEM 12 /* Out of memory */
#define EACCES 13 /* Permission denied */
#define EFAULT 14 /* Bad address */
#define ENOTBLK 15 /* Block device required */
#define EBUSY 16 /* Device or resource busy */
#define EEXIST 17 /* File exists */
#define EXDEV 18 /* Cross-device link */
#define ENODEV 19 /* No such device */
#define ENOTDIR 20 /* Not a directory */
#define EISDIR 21 /* Is a directory */
#define EINVAL 22 /* Invalid argument */
#define ENFILE 23 /* File table overflow */
#define EMFILE 24 /* Too many open files */
#define ENOTTY 25 /* Not a typewriter */
#define ETXTBSY 26 /* Text file busy */
#define EFBIG 27 /* File too large */
#define ENOSPC 28 /* No space left on device */
#define ESPIPE 29 /* Illegal seek */
#define EROFS 30 /* Read-only file system */
#define EMLINK 31 /* Too many links */
#define EPIPE 32 /* Broken pipe */
#define EDOM 33 /* Math argument out of domain of func */
#define ERANGE 34 /* Math result not representable */
#endif 在 /usr/include/asm-asm-generic/errno.h 中，对剩余的errno做了宏定义：
#ifndef _ASM_GENERIC_ERRNO_H
#define _ASM_GENERIC_ERRNO_H
#include <asm-generic/errno-base.h>
#define EDEADLK 35 /* Resource deadlock would occur */
#define ENAMETOOLONG 36 /* File name too long */
#define ENOLCK 37 /* No record locks available */
#define ENOSYS 38 /* Function not implemented */
#define ENOTEMPTY 39 /* Directory not empty */
#define ELOOP 40 /* Too many symbolic links encountered */
#define EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN /* Operation would block */
#define ENOMSG 42 /* No message of desired type */
#define EIDRM 43 /* Identifier removed */
#define ECHRNG 44 /* Channel number out of range */
#define EL2NSYNC 45 /* Level 2 not synchronized */
#define EL3HLT 46 /* Level 3 halted */
#define EL3RST 47 /* Level 3 reset */
#define ELNRNG 48 /* Link number out of range */
#define EUNATCH 49 /* Protocol driver not attached */
#define ENOCSI 50 /* No CSI structure available */
#define EL2HLT 51 /* Level 2 halted */
#define EBADE 52 /* Invalid exchange */
#define EBADR 53 /* Invalid request descriptor */
#define EXFULL 54 /* Exchange full */
#define ENOANO 55 /* No anode */
#define EBADRQC 56 /* Invalid request code */
#define EBADSLT 57 /* Invalid slot */
#define EDEADLOCK EDEADLK
#define EBFONT 59 /* Bad font file format */
#define ENOSTR 60 /* Device not a stream */
#define ENODATA 61 /* No data available */
#define ETIME 62 /* Timer expired */
#define ENOSR 63 /* Out of streams resources */
#define ENONET 64 /* Machine is not on the network */
#define ENOPKG 65 /* Package not installed */
#define EREMOTE 66 /* Object is remote */
#define ENOLINK 67 /* Link has been severed */
#define EADV 68 /* Advertise error */
#define ESRMNT 69 /* Srmount error */
#define ECOMM 70 /* Communication error on send */
#define EPROTO 71 /* Protocol error */
#define EMULTIHOP 72 /* Multihop attempted */
#define EDOTDOT 73 /* RFS specific error */
#define EBADMSG 74 /* Not a data message */
#define EOVERFLOW 75 /* Value too large for defined data type */
#define ENOTUNIQ 76 /* Name not unique on network */
#define EBADFD 77 /* File descriptor in bad state */
#define EREMCHG 78 /* Remote address changed */
#define ELIBACC 79 /* Can not access a needed shared library */
#define ELIBBAD 80 /* Accessing a corrupted shared library */
#define ELIBSCN 81 /* .lib section in a.out corrupted */
#define ELIBMAX 82 /* Attempting to link in too many shared libraries */
#define ELIBEXEC 83 /* Cannot exec a shared library directly */
#define EILSEQ 84 /* Illegal byte sequence */
#define ERESTART 85 /* Interrupted system call should be restarted */
#define ESTRPIPE 86 /* Streams pipe error */
#define EUSERS 87 /* Too many users */
#define ENOTSOCK 88 /* Socket operation on non-socket */
#define EDESTADDRREQ 89 /* Destination address required */
#define EMSGSIZE 90 /* Message too long */
#define EPROTOTYPE 91 /* Protocol wrong type for socket */
#define ENOPROTOOPT 92 /* Protocol not available */
#define EPROTONOSUPPORT 93 /* Protocol not supported */
#define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT 94 /* Socket type not supported */
#define EOPNOTSUPP 95 /* Operation not supported on transport endpoint */
#define EPFNOSUPPORT 96 /* Protocol family not supported */
#define EAFNOSUPPORT 97 /* Address family not supported by protocol */
#define EADDRINUSE 98 /* Address already in use */
#define EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 /* Cannot assign requested address */
#define ENETDOWN 100 /* Network is down */
#define ENETUNREACH 101 /* Network is unreachable */
#define ENETRESET 102 /* Network dropped connection because of reset */
#define ECONNABORTED 103 /* Software caused connection abort */
#define ECONNRESET 104 /* Connection reset by peer */
#define ENOBUFS 105 /* No buffer space available */
#define EISCONN 106 /* Transport endpoint is already connected */
#define ENOTCONN 107 /* Transport endpoint is not connected */
#define ESHUTDOWN 108 /* Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown */
#define ETOOMANYREFS 109 /* Too many references: cannot splice */
#define ETIMEDOUT 110 /* Connection timed out */
#define ECONNREFUSED 111 /* Connection refused */
#define EHOSTDOWN 112 /* Host is down */
#define EHOSTUNREACH 113 /* No route to host */
#define EALREADY 114 /* Operation already in progress */
#define EINPROGRESS 115 /* Operation now in progress */
#define ESTALE 116 /* Stale file handle */
#define EUCLEAN 117 /* Structure needs cleaning */
#define ENOTNAM 118 /* Not a XENIX named type file */
#define ENAVAIL 119 /* No XENIX semaphores available */
#define EISNAM 120 /* Is a named type file */
#define EREMOTEIO 121 /* Remote I/O error */
#define EDQUOT 122 /* Quota exceeded */
#define ENOMEDIUM 123 /* No medium found */
#define EMEDIUMTYPE 124 /* Wrong medium type */
#define ECANCELED 125 /* Operation Canceled */
#define ENOKEY 126 /* Required key not available */
#define EKEYEXPIRED 127 /* Key has expired */
#define EKEYREVOKED 128 /* Key has been revoked */
#define EKEYREJECTED 129 /* Key was rejected by service */
/* for robust mutexes */
#define EOWNERDEAD 130 /* Owner died */
#define ENOTRECOVERABLE 131 /* State not recoverable */
#define ERFKILL 132 /* Operation not possible due to RF-kill */
#define EHWPOISON 133 /* Memory page has hardware error */
#endif这些都是由POSIX.1确定的，错误名必须有唯一的值，有个例外是，EAGIAN和EWOULDBLOCK可能是相同的。
✏️ 3、打印
🖋️ 3.1、打印错误信息
作用：打印系统错误信息
头文件：#include <stdio.h>
函数原型：void perror(const char *s)
参数：s: 字符串提示符
输出形式：const char *s: strerror(errno) //提示符：发生系统错误的原因
3.2、字符串显示错误信息
作用：将错误码以字符串的信息显示出来
头文件：#include <string.h>
函数原型：char *strerror(int errnum);
参数：errno
返回值：返回错误码字符串信息
int main(){
FILE *fp;
if ( (fp = fopen("no/such/file","r+")) == NULL ){
printf("errON[%d]errMsg[%s]\n",errno,strerror(errno));
}
}
不是所有的地方发生错误的时候都可以通过error获取错误代码：
#include"stdio.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "errno.h"
#include "netdb.h"
#include "sys/types.h"
#include "netinet/in.h"
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct hostent *h;
if (argc != 2){
fprintf (stderr ,"usage: getip address\n");
exit(1);
}
/* 取得主机信息 */
if((h=gethostbyname(argv[1])) == NULL){
/* 如果gethostbyname 失败，则给出错误信息 */
//gethostbyname()返回对应于给定主机名的包含主机名字和地址信息的hostent结构的指针。结构的声明与gethostbyaddr()中一致。
herror(“gethostbyname”);
exit(1);
}
/* 列印程序取得的信息 */
printf(“Host name : %s\n”, h->h_name);
printf(“IP Address : %s\n”, inet_ntoa (*((struct in_addr *)h->h_addr))）;
return 0;
}使用gethostbyname()函数，不能使用perror()来输出错误信息（因为错误代码存储在 h_errno 中而不是errno中。所以需要调用herror()函数。
简单的传给gethostbyname()一个机器名（“bbs.tsinghua.edu.cn”），然后就从返回的结构struct hostent 中得到了IP 等其他信息。程序中输出IP 地址的程序需要解释一下：h->h_addr 是一个char，但是inet_ntoa()函数需要传递的是一个struct in_addr 结构。所以上面将h->h_addr 强制转换为struct in_addr，然后通过它得到了所有数据。
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